Islamic Ethics An Analysis

Muslim moral philosophy An AnalysisThis term paper was title morality from Islamic Perspective which is including a virtuouse and akhlaq. This paper was conducted because to give aw argonness about the important of morals in Islamic perspective. Suitable with the document aims whereas to give some of information and knowledge from an Islamic perspective about the ethics which is in honourable and akhlaq aspect. The paper is sufficient to give the reader a feel for its potential to encourage further research in the atomic number 18a of resolving honorable issues, specifically for those who are calling for universal honourable theories to vacate moral imperialism. The Islamic perspective of the ethics concept should be refers based on the Holy record book from the God and Ahadith of Prophet Muhammad. The ethics concept it must be mostly and non too bias for otherwises. The findings of this paper, it end be as a discussion, it is because the Islamic Work honourable m otive has economic as closely as moral and akhlaq dimensions.Keyword Islamic perspective, ethics, Islamic Work Ethics, moral and akhlaqINTRODUCTIONThis paper was discuss about the ethics concept from the Islamic perspective, so it should be construct an axiom carcass that faithfully reflects the Islamic view of ethics. The axiom system here is means by a proposition that either not proved or demonstrated but considered undeniable, or emergence to a decision, so, the truth is assumed and became the starting point for concluded to the truth to another.This is an essential introductory step in determining the rules of economic behaviour in an Islamic society. The Islamic view of life processes is uniquenot only for its predominant emphasis on ethical norms, but also because of its being complete. However, to turn it into an operational tool of scientific analysis, an ethical doctrine must be reduced to a set of axioms, which is revere to Islamically valid rules of social and econo mic behaviour.1.1 The Concept of Ethics, Moral and AkhlaqThe concept of ethics, moral and akhlaq it suffer be in non-homogeneous point of view from many resources of our readings. grave expression is an order based on a value system of a particular society. More ethics associated with science or philosophy, because it is the standard of faithful and bad it is tender intellect. When compared with the moral philosophy, the ethics to a greater extent theoretical while the moral is the pr impressical. Moral more local or special reputation and the ethical is more to general.There is many term that use by philosophers in order to give a meaning of akhlaq. But, we can conclude it, akhlaq is much related with the moral and ethics so much so have a opinion that tell akhlak is mean by moral and ethics. Put simply on that, Akhlaq is refers to the nature habits that owned on each some champions. It is accommodates behavior or nature owned by natural as feeling irritable, quick to laugh, irritability and so on. in addition includes in this comment, a somebody belonging habits through training, education, discipline and fitness to be a flesh and blood character and good familiarity to some nonpareil. In addition, akhlaq is more refers to our natural habits.A while ago, in the western tradition, morals studies has long been exists and spread out before the birth of Islam and it known as ethics or moral knowledge. In aspect of etymology, the term of ethics and moral have a same meaning and also refers to the same field of study.In briefly, moral is derived from the Latin word, meanwhile the word ethics is derived from the Greek word. The both of term are related with the practical activities relating to behavior, customs, lifestyles, ways of thinking, freedom and the tendency of a somebody in engaging in an activity. On the other hand, the term of akhlaq was presented by the Muslim that based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah. On Islamic perspective, the ethics and moral was antithetical from the point of conception, objectives and resources, it is called as Akhlaq.1.2 Current related issuesEthics is usually delimit by a pen engrave of ethics. In the Middle East not many organizations and professions have written codes of ethics (Mudawanat Alsuluk) and violation is the norm rather than exception (AMAN, 2006). Behaviors that conform to those written codes of ethics are considered ethical and whatever violates the written standards is considered unethical.From that situation, it can be simply, people are not too reside about all this matter, when they talk about ethics, they usually do not move about the moral and akhlaq. This is because, they are set their mind, the term of ethics just use in the disdain or information technology such as computer accessibility. As a Muslim, they should also think about that moral and akhlaq.In addition, the new code ethics was create, which is the Islamic Work Ethics (IWE). This philosophy was create to orientation that shapes and influences the involvement and participation of believers in the workplace. It implies that work is a virtue in light of a persons needs, and is a necessity for establishing equilibrium in ones individual and social life (Nasr, 1984). IWE views work as a means to further self-interest economically, socially and psychologically, to sustain social prestige, to advance societal eudaemonia and reaffirm faith. The concept has its origin in the Quran and the sayings and practice of the Prophet Mohammed.METHODOLOGYIn completing this term paper, the secondary literatures are used to alter in depth understanding of ethics from the Islamic perspective with the moral and akhlaq concept. The secondary resources which is from readings on a book and the web pages, so the major instrumental role that has been used is literature review. Based on the reading, this topic has many fibres in a Malay writing, but there is no problem on that, afterward read in Malay and u nderstand the content, the term paper writing has been continued.By reviewing the literature, all the information will be paraphrased based on the understanding. The reference to literature review that has been used is article journal about the Islamic ethics that can be obtained from the online journal databases access.Another method applied for close this term paper is data collection from the web page and it is just for back up information if there any lack of data collection. cost that had been used in completing this term paper is understands from the readings and reviewing from the materials obtained and understand it.DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS OF ETHICS FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE MORAL AND AKHLAQThere are various definitions of ethics, moral and akhlaq. The various definitions are produced from various reading materials, such as book and article journal, so there is many opinions from the philosophers. Ethich from Islamic perspective are more concern to the religion behavior, c ode and ethics.Islam is supposed to be a complete way of life. A Muslim is bound by Islamic rules and hence is obliged to come the instructions as prescribed in the Quran and Hadiths. Islam is a religion based upon the surrender to God (Allah). The very name of the religion, al-Islam in Arabic, means complaisance and peace, for it is in submitting to Gods will that human beings gain peace in their lives in this world and in the hereafter. Islam is considered to be a comprehensive religion and its ethical system is considered to be one of the major ethical systems. Realize about the importance of establishing an ethical system in the all fields, especially at our present condemnation which is witnessing an ever increasing ethical problems, several specialist organizations have prepared codes of ethics to be complied with by members of those organizations.By generally, in Islam, ethics have deuce dimensions first ethics toward Allah, the creator. A Muslim has to believe in Allah an d has to worship Him. The second is ethics toward others a Muslim business person has to deal ethically with others by maintaining good treatment and good alliance. This paper is of vital importance because people do not know sometimes what is ethical unless they study ethics. Ethics hand over an essential foundation for business transactions (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 1). They are essential for organizational effectiveness and are necessary for interpersonal relations.3.1 Definition and Concept of EthicsEthics is defined as a branch of philosophy that deals withmoral behavior. Morality refers to whether something is right or wrong, good or bad. Although morality is a complex concept, it can be defined in terms of both means and ends. Means is the process which occurs, while Ends refers to the consequences (Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2). Ethics may also be defined as. . . a systematic interrogative sentence into the beliefs we have and the management we mak e about what is morally right or wrong and morally good or evil. It is an inquiry that attempts to answer the following questions What kinds of conduct are morally right or wrong? And what things are good and what things are evil?(Cherrington and Cherrington, 1995, p. 2)Ethics is also defined as the code of moral formulas that sets standards of good or bad, or right or wrong behavior (Schemerhorn, 2008, p. 32). honorable behavior is what is accepted as good and right as opposed to bad or wrong in the context of the governing moral code.Islamic ethics is defined as the code of moral principles that are prescribed by the Quran and Sunnah (Hadith or sayings of Prophet Mohammad). Islamic ethics is based on rational methods as strong as revelation. Revelation provides the truth which rational methods lead to understanding and appreciation of truth. Hence, Islamic ethics is based on tawheed, or unity principle, which determines the unique relationship between God and man man and man and man and his environs (Alhabshi, 1993, p. 83). Within the Islamic culture, the term that is more or lessly associated with ethics is referred to in the Holy Quran as Khouloq (Beekun, 2004, p. 2). Allah in the Quran has described Prophet Mohammad as a Prophet of good ethics.3.2 Definition and Concept of MoralAccording to Peter Baelz (1977), morals and ethics often have the same meaning. However, is very useful if we could distinguish between the both of them, even though we often failed to make such a difference. While the N. Capaldi, E. Kelly and L.E. Navia (1981) stated that. In form of etymology, the English words ethical and moral is exactly same. Because of that, the study of ethics and moral actually just one and it is a same.The moral issues are practical issues, but not all belong to the practical issues in the field of ethics. It is because, moral more specifically demonstrate the good and bad, right wrong and how individual should act in a particular situation. Therefore , moral was refers to disciplines knowledge that investigate the various about the human behavioral. much(prenominal) as the opinion that written by J.L. Mackie (1971)moral and ethics can analyze the once action whether that is right or wrong it is can provide a clear line of distinction about acts and of an internal disposition, whether good or bad or at least, be able to develop a knowledge of ethics guidelines that can be adopted to make various moral of judgments.3.2 Definition and Concept of AkhlaqAccording to Mohd. Nasir Omar, (2010) on his book, Akhlaq is refers to the nature, habits, customs, familiarity, values and lifestyle of the individual or group of individuals. In fact, belief system or religion by a person also often included under the definition of akhlaq by many researchers. It is because of religion greatly influenced the thinking and lifestyle of the individual (Ibn Manzur t.t II 1244-1248 and Jamil Saliba 1971, I 49).While according to Ibn Miskawayh (1966), akh laq is refers to the situation that forms in a human and it is function as a executive power that was directed that individuals by doing all his habits. Many philosopher was agreed with that statement that akhlaq related with the disposition that create in a person (al-nafs/soul) of a human. Spiritual dimension of the situation is very important because it is the cause of all acts done by humans.Therefore, akhlaq is does not refer to the act of good or bad done by a person, but to someone spiritual dimension pressing to do an act, whether good or bad. Akhlaq is situated in the interior of humans soul and in the meanwhile, the act are refers to the exterior is made from morality. Hence, a good moral will of course bring to pass that good deeds and vice versa.PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICSAccording to Hanafy and Salam (1995), classified ethical principles of Islam into six categories, which is truthfulness, trust, sincerity, brotherhood, science and knowledge and justice.Prin ciples of Islamic Business EthicsJusticeScience and knowledgeBrotherhoodSincerityTrustTruthfulnessIn order to get a pleasure from the Almighty, as a Muslim, it is should be followed this six principle of Islamic ethics by doing all the business or activities in their daily life.TRUTHFULNESS Truthfulness is a basic ethical value of Islam and the meaning of Islam itself is, in a way, the other name of truth. There is no scope for cheating, telling lies, swearing too much, and providing false advertising in the Islamic framework of business.TRUST Trust is another fundamental ethical principle of Islam and the essence of the trust is the sense of acountability, which is the sense of having to appear before Allah S.W.T and to account statement for ones action. All the activities were conducted well in no case harm or damage the society or the environment.SINCERITY Islam attaches great importance to the sincerity of intentions and actions in every walk of life. For example such as ethica l code results in more efficiency as well as a lofty rate of productivity. Sincerity also discourages manipulation or exploitation of others for personal reasons.BROTHERHOOD Islam declares all human beings are brothers to each other wihout the distinctions of race, colour, tribe, caste and run-in of an individual or group. Everyone is entitled to an ethically right behavior irrespective of distinctions of caste, creed, race, or territory.SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE Islam makes it obligatory for Muslims to seek knowledge and obtain duty in performance. Research and development is highly encouraged in Islam. It such concern about science and knowledge in the Islamic code of ethics has been highly fruitful for Islamic civilisation in the past.JUSTICE Justice is undoubtedly a prerequisite of business and trade as it encompasses the entire full series of human life. The whole universe is based on the concept of justice and balance.justice here means that every one should be treated as he o r she deserves, without any undue pressure or discrimination.CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG information / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNELMuslims unethical behavior is influenced by several factors, such as stage of formal development, personal values and personality, family influence, peer influenceand so on.The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology PersonnelCHALLENGESEXPLANATIONStage of moral developmentThe lunatic, the sleeper and the child before puberty not responsible for their behavior. individual(prenominal) value and personalityOne who stresses honesty will behave differently from those who do not respect others rights. The locus of control also affects individual ethical behavior (Robbins and Coulter, 2005, p. 112).Family influenceThe home is the place to start being a good Muslim. Children are likely to be ethical if they see their parents and other members of the family consistently adher e to high standards. In Islam, it is easier for a parent to teach his kids what is right (halal ) and what is wrong (haram) than to teach them rules and principles of good conduct and behavior.Peer influenceChildren are influenced by actions of their peers with whom they interact. Islam urges people to be very selective of peers as they have very big influence on companions. This coincides with the Arabic proverb Birds of a feather hatful together or A person is known by the company he keeps.Life influenceKey events like taking part in Alhajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) for example has a positive impact on Individual behavior. As the Quran states Whoever goes to Hajj comes back from his journey innocent and pure and white as of the day of birth.Situational challengesIt is the situation that sometimes makes one behave unethically, as the only way out. For example, a secretary may lie when answering a earphone as the only way to turn away a client. She may simply lie by saying that the ma nager is not in the subroutine while he is in fact in. On many occasions, the researcher has observed many Muslim secretaries quit their jobs simply to avoid being compel to tell such lies. However, lying is acceptable in Islam under three conditions first, in wars second, to solve conflicts between people third, husband lying to his wife or vice versa for the sake of getting closer to each other and saving the marriage, e.g. saying I love you while it is the opposite (Hadith), or you are the most beautiful woman in the world. All this is meant to strengthen the ties between couples.Societal challengesPeople try to conceal unethical behavior and always justify their actions as being ethical in order to please members of society. In Muslim cultures, society places a heavy pressure on individuals to practice wasta, so a manager may have to deviate from the rules and regulations of the business in order to please a cousin, a friend or a neighbor. On one hand, wasta is considered as e thical and legal, e.g. in solving conflicts, while on the other hand, it can be viewed as illegal and unacceptable when it is used to override open up laws and traditions, e.g. in obtaining favors like jobs.In Muslim cultures, a business person is more concerned about what others might think of his decision than what he thinks himself.mesa 1 The challenges in Encouraging Islamic Ethical Behaviors Among Information / Information Technology Personnel(Source Abuznaid, 1990)GUIDELINES TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES IN ENCOURAGING ISLAMIC ETHICAL BEHAVIORS AMONG INFORMATION / INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PERSONNELIn Islam, Allah emphasizes the following ethical guidelines as being outlined in the Holy Quran. These guidelines govern the Islamic code of ethics relating to a persons daily life and business dealings. Muslims are required at all times to behave islamically because Allah himself is watching their practices. In response to these challenges, several guidelines are proposed as followsBe pa tient. Islamic business people should not get angry and should not be irritated (Holy Quran, XXV63) and (Holy Quran, III134).Be clean-living and just. A Muslim business person has to be fair(a) and just in all his dealings. He has to be fair with his employees he has to give fair wages and has to be fair and kind with animals when slaughtering them (Holy Quran, II278-279).Be humble. Being humble is the opposite of being arrogant. Being humble is a great trait of Muslims. Business people should be humble and down to earth (Holy Quran, XXVI215).Be complacent. Being complacent is another characteristic of a Muslim. Muslim business people should be satisfied with what Allah has allocated them. To Muslims complacency is not the enemy of progress as the West views it.Be generous. Being generous is the opposite of being stingy. Alkareem is in fact one of Allahs magnificent names meaning being generous. Alkaram (generosity) is another characteristic of the Muslim business people. They sh ould be generous in giving currency and goods to the needy. Islam urges people to give legal alms or obligatory charity (Az-Zakat). Az-Zakat is an ordinance prescribed by Islamic law. Social responsibility is another important principle in management practices. Sadaqat (donations), not obligatory, are very much urged in the Holy Quran (Holy Quran, LVI77) and (Holy Quran, XLIV17,26).Be dignified. A business person in Islam should not indulge in investments that are not Halal. Halal is the opposite of Haram. Halal is ethical while haram is unethical. Examples of haram earnings for a Muslim include trading in alcohol,Be trustful (Al Amaneh). Being trustful means giving rights to others. For example, if you borrow some money from someone, you are supposed to return it at the agreed time at no interest. A good loan with no interest is an example of Islamic financial dealings (Alkird Al hasan) (Holy Quran, XL32) and (Holy Quran, IV58).Be friendly. Muslims should be friendly and united at all times. No discrimination exists among Muslims, regardless of nationality, gender or color. The only difference between Muslims should be on the basis of piety (Holy Quran, XLIX 10, 13).Be equitable. Equity is the opposite of injustice. A Muslim manager should be equitable. In Islam people should be treated jolly and with equity.Do not be involved in fraud. A Muslim business person should treat others the same way he himself would like to be treated (Holy Quran, XVI 90, IV 58).Do not bribe. The practice of all kinds of bribes is forbidden in Islam (Holy Quran, II 188). However, there should be differentiation between sadakat (donations), gifts, and bribes. Gifts are encouraged in Islam because they help gain friendship. The prophet encourages the use of gifts saying Give more gifts so you be better liked (Hadith). Bribes on the other hand are unethical. Bribes are used to influence decisions. There are two kinds of bribes the lubrication bribe and the white mail bribe. The white mail bribe generally involves an elaborate system for concealing the use of large sums of corporate cash. This type of bribe is used to buy influence in high places (Abuznaid, 1990, p. 319).From these key guidelines principles of ethics, we can conclude that Islam is a religion of high-moral standards. Muslim business people are urged in Al Quran and Al Sunnah to follow certain principles and guidelines.(Source Abuznaid, 2009) end pointAs stated above, the main purpose of this term paper is to discuss the meaning of ethics from an Islamic perspective. The research has defined Islamic management ethics as those guidelines and principles that are prescribed by the Holy Quran and sunnah (hadith). The paper has give explanation on the major determinants of individual ethical behavior in Islam and pinpointed based on the moral and akhlaq. Besides that, the paper has outlined some of the ethical principles which is the principles of Islamic business ethics. This paper has also discussed the challenges in support Islamic ethical behaviors among information / information technology personnel. It further helps non-Muslim people occasion more aware of management ethics in an Islamic environment by giving them a better understanding of the subject, thus making it easier for them to carry out all the activities in an Islamic culture. However, it must be stated that there is not one united form of applied Islamic teachings among different Muslim countries. It is widely known that Middle Eastern countries have become more active in the global market place by applied their ethics. Moreover, this paper has outlined major commonalities between Islam and other religions on the subject of ethics from the Islamic perspective. Although this paper has presented the concept of ethics from Islamic perspective, hope all the Muslim are together applied all the ethics that are based on the al-Quran and al-Sunah to be an excellent humans. Therefore, it is the duty of all researchers i nterested in this issue to develop this knowledge. May Allah gives guidance in this new endeavour.REFERENCES8.1 nurseDr Muhammad Sharif Chaundry. (2006). Social and Moral Code of Islam. Batu Caves, Selangor Masterpiece Publication Sdn. Bhd.Khaliq Ahmad. (2007). Management from Islamic Perspective Principles and Practices. Kuala Lumpur International Islamic University Malaysia Press.Mohd Nasir Omar. (2010). Falsafah Akhlak. Bangi, Selangor Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi. (1990). Etika dan Ekonomi Satu Sintesis Islam. Kuala Lumpur Berita Publishing Sdn. Bhd.8.2 Article JournalMuhammad Arham. (2010). Islamic Perspective on Marketing. The Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 1 Iss 2 pp, 149-164.Salam Abdallah. (2010). Islamic Ethics An Exposotion for Resolving ICT Ethical Dilemmas. The Journal of Information, Communication Ethics in Society, Vol. 8 Iss 3 pp, 289-301.Samir Ahmad Abuznaid. (2009). Business Ethics in Islam The Glaring Gap in Practice. The Internatio nal Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, Vol. 2 Iss 4 pp, 278-288.