Eveline by James Joyce

Essay 2 Leaving the only â€Å"home† that one has ever known can be very emotional, especially when you hold so many memories and have established a routine of life in that home. Many say â€Å"live life to the fullest,† yet they come up with excuse after excuse that holds them from leaving. They feel as if they can’t make this decision on their own. Trying to find the meaning of life and making attempts to discover the reason why they were put on this Earth is hard enough. Every day one lives new experiences that we hope will one day lead us to our destined future.Yet, for so many, not knowing where to begin keeps them from moving forward. Reminiscing on the memories created in our home; thinking about how much those memories have faded, and will eventually disappears if they are to leave that home. Being attached to the environment that one is used to or the routine of life holds one back from what the future could hold. Even when given the key to escape, think ing too hard makes one doubt their ability to adapt to a new environment. â€Å"What if’s? † and breaking that routine of life gives one fear of failure, not â€Å"making it† once leaving the environment.Feeling stuck in trying to find meaning of life makes it easier to come up with excuses to stay in the routine in which one is accustomed to. This is true because it is what happened to Eve line in â€Å"Eve line† by James Joyce from Ireland during the early 20th century. No matter how many times Eve line sits and thinks about moving forward, and living new experiences, she was stuck in her past and thinking about it so much does not let her move on and travel to break out of her routine and bad habits. Joyce does an excellent job illustrating Eveline’s decision making process with language and symbols throughout the short story.He begins by telling us where Eve line is sitting in her home â€Å"at the window watching the evening invade the avenue † as she smells the â€Å"odor of dusty cretonne† letting readers know that it was a particular aroma that he had to describe. As she is looking out she begins to reminisce on the memories that she still has of the big open field where all the children of the avenue used to go out and play when she was younger. Joyce choice of character names for those children’s families (the Devines, the Water, and the Dunnes) helps the reader picture them as very friendly neighbors who Eve line almost saw as family.The name â€Å"Eve line† is another clear symbol that the author makes in the story comparing the main character to â€Å"Eve† from the â€Å"Adam and Eve’s† biblical story where â€Å"Eve† is confronted by the serpent or â€Å"Satan† just like Eve line was always confronted by her father out in the field or the â€Å"Garden of Eden† as the biblical story goes. Eve line believed that her father â€Å"wasn’t so bad then† and that she used to be â€Å"happy† then but now everything was different. Joyce reminds the reader many times that Eveline’s mother isn’t alive any more, letting the reader know that Eve line still lamented this loss so much.One of the â€Å"Dunn’s† had also passed now and â€Å"the Waters† had moved back to England. She didn’t want to be another person who just left her â€Å"home† full of those memories of the past. Joyce repeats the word â€Å"Home! † and emphasizes it using an exclamation point as if Eve line was reminding herself that it was the only home she knew. Eve line reminisces on the smallest details of her home, like â€Å"the objects she had dusted once a week for so many years† and the â€Å"yellowing photograph hung on the wall† which her used to always pass and quotes his exact words â€Å"†He is in Melbourne now. † The picture was above the broken harmonium and beside the â€Å"print of the promises made to Blessed Margaret Mary Alacoque. † Margaret Mary Alacoque is a Saint of the Roman Catholic Church who was very popular in Ireland during the early 20th century. The broken harmonium is another symbol that Joyce uses to connect the reader to the â€Å"broken† environment of her home and of Ireland in general. With all the memories Eve line holds of her home she had still â€Å"consented with Frank to leave with him and leave it all behind. Eve line begins to really doubt her self.Her mind is spinning and not knowing if her decision was wise. She would break her routine of working hard at home and at work. She was only 19; she begins thinking about what everyone else would say about her. She imagined everyone at her job would think she â€Å"had run off with a fellow† and would stir up all kind of lies and rumors. Still undecided Eve line begins to build a fantasy of â€Å"Buenos Ayres† which is where Fran k has promised to take her. She imagines being a married woman, treated with respect and not the way she was treated at home by the father.Joyce makes it clear to the reader that Eve line is terrified of her father, he would still â€Å"threaten her and say he would do it for her dead mother’s sake. † Eve line has no one to make her feel safe from him. Ernest her brother was dead, and her other brother Harry was in â€Å"the church decorating business† and was never home. She had too much responsibility in her home and no one to help her with it all. Her father never helped out with money and the â€Å"[children] left to her charge did not make her life any easier.With all this she still didn’t find it a â€Å"wholly undesirable life† writes Joyce indicating that Eve line is still hesitant of leaving with Frank. Joyce describes Frank as a â€Å"very kind, manly, open hearted† guy who Eve line saw as the only person who could protect her fro m her father. He tells her they will go on the â€Å"night-boat† and that she will be â€Å"his wife† in â€Å"Buenos Ayres† where â€Å"he already had a home waiting for her. † Joyce shows how naive Eve line is being about Frank. She had met him not too long ago and had gone out with him a couple times.He had given her a nickname, Poppens, and met her outside of work every evening. Frank had many â€Å"tales† about the places he had sailed to all around the world and explains how he had â€Å"fallen on his feet to Buenos Ayres. † Although Eve line didn’t see any of Franks flaws Joyce does use language to prove that Franks intention’s with Eve line may not have been good one’s considering that during that time Buenos Aires, Argentina was well known for its sexual trafficking. Her father finds out about the relationship and forbid Eve line to keep seeing Frank calling him a â€Å"sailor Chap. Joyce brings the reader back to the present and gives more excuses for Eve line not to leave her home. She held two letters on her lap, one to Harry and one to her father, she noticed her father becoming old and thought that he would probably miss her, she reminisced on the moments which her father was nice. Joyce illustrates Eve line still sitting on the couch, having just moments left to make her decision. She the odor of â€Å"dusty cretonne† returns and she begins to â€Å"hear a street organ play† just as she did the night of her mother’s death and the promise that she had made to her mother.She promised her mother to â€Å"keep the home together as long as she could. † Most of all it reminded her of the life her mother had lived, â€Å"that life of commonplace sacrifices closing in on final craziness. † She wanted to break that cycle that her mother had. She wants to escape that life and believe that â€Å"Frank would save her [,] give her life, perhaps love, too. â₠¬  Joyce exposes to the reader that Eve line is aware that Frank doesn’t love her and if she leaves with him there is a chance that things do not work out between them.Upon arriving to the station Eve line looks around examining everything around her. She is still isn’t sure if she is getting on that boat. †She prayed to God to direct her† she wanted to know what she â€Å"was her duty. † At that moment the boat blew â€Å"a long mournful whistle. † Eveline’s decision is determined by of the â€Å"mournful sound. † She thinks about â€Å"tomorrow† how she would break out of her routine if she leaves with Frank. Eve line chooses to stay home. â€Å"Her eyes give [Frank] no sign of love, farewell or recognition†

Appropriate title poem for the collection Essay

To what extent, in terms of subject matter and style, do you consider ‘High Windows’ to be an appropriate title poem for the collection? High Windows is a collection that deals with several interlinking themes. One of the most obvious is that of windows, which are used throughout the poems as an analogy for reflection, retrospection, observations and external or internal influences. Other themes such as death, religion, youth, sex tradition, society and outside observers also occur frequently throughout the collection. It could be said that the poem High Windows includes and explores many of these themes, and as such provides a good summation of the content of the others. Its form and structure can also be compared to the rest of the collection – Larkin uses some very specific techniques and structural decisions within several of the poems, and High Windows is perhaps one of the best examples of where these techniques are used to the best effect. In High Windows, Larkin employs free verse with a simple rhyme scheme. This could be said to be fairly unusual, as in other poems such as To The Sea he uses very complex rhyme schemes. He often chooses to rhyme between stanzas, and this is clearly a very conscious and crafted decision. Larkin also makes use of traditional poetic forms – for example, The Card-Players takes the form of a sonnet. The fact he has chosen to use free verse could show that High Windows has a modern setting, unlike The Card-Players which is a narrative set around the 17th century. It could also be a suggestion that the collection deals largely with universal and simplistic theme such as life and death, and thus the simplicity of the rhyme scheme epitomises this. Other structural decisions that appear in High Windows can also be seen in other poems. Larkin often uses italics to show that someone other than the main narrator of the poem is speaking. ‘That’ll be the life; no God any more, or sweating in the dark†¦ ‘ is being spoken by someone of the previous generation looking at the speaker in their youth. This also occurs in Sympathy in White Major, which includes such lines as ‘He devoted his life to others’, which seems to be being said by someone at the speaker’s funeral. The Explosion includes italicised lines being spoken by a priest – ‘The dead go on before us†¦ ‘ – and Vers de Societe includes such lines as ‘All solitude is selfish’ and ‘Virtue is social’, which seem to be an outside voice reproaching the speaker for his behaviour. High Windows can thus be clearly compared to other poems that use this technique. By the end of the collection, the use of italics is recognisable. Larkin also often makes use of a ‘final image’ at the end of his poems, something that is meant to sum up the content of the poem. In High Windows, the line ‘Rather than words comes the thought of high windows’ is one of the most memorable. Similarly, The Explosion has the image of the ‘eggs unbroken’, and Money’s entire last verse is occupied by the image of ‘looking down from long french windows†¦ ‘. High Windows is the only one that includes the prelude ‘Rather than words†¦ ‘, and illustrates this technique very well. In this sense, High Windows makes a very appropriate title, both as the title of a poem and as an image. The juxtapositioning between coarse and lyrical language is also present in High Windows, as in various other poems. This coule be said to show the difference between traditional poetic language and more modern poetry. High Windows has a transition from the beginning, and lines such as ‘†¦ I see a couple of kids†¦ ‘ and ‘†¦ I guess he’s fucking her and she’s wearing a diaphragm†¦ ‘, to the end, with lines such as ‘the sun-comprehending glass†¦ ‘ and ‘that shows nothing, and is nowhere, and is endless. ‘ This juxtapositioning is used in This Be The Verse, between ‘They fuck you up, your mum and dad’ and the seemingly out of place ‘†¦ it deepens like a coastal shelf. ‘ Similarly, Sad Steps begins with the image of ‘Groping back to bed after a piss’ and ends with ‘that wide stare is a reminder of the strength and pain of being young’. The theme of observation and looking down through a window is also a common one throughout the collection. The image of High Windows is one that provides an appropriate title, since it could be a metaphor for themes such as reflection upon life, which is clearly prominent in poems such as Sympathy in White Major, Dublinesque and The Explosion. Sad Steps makes use of a similar window metaphor – the speaker seems to have an epiphany after ‘parting thick curtains’ and seeing the moon. The Old Fools also includes mention of ‘lighted windows’ that represent the memories of somone’s life. Money has the image of ‘looking down from long french windows’ at a town that is meant to represent various aspects of life. High Windows also deals with the concept of religion. It suggests that religion was something that older generations were forced to think about when they didn’t want to, and that now, this has been replaced by sex and freedom. The phrase ‘bonds and gestures’ suggests that the speaker believes that religion and other such ‘restraints’ were only meant as a show, and were not really what people believed in. High Windows shows a rather cynical view of religion, suggesting that it no longer matters in modern society. This view is mentioned briefly in The Building as well, with the mention of ‘a locked church’ and the comparision between patients of the hospital and an ‘unseen congregation’. Vers de Societe uses the line ‘playing at goodness, like going to church†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, clearly suggesting that Larkin believes religion to be a shallow waste of time. In this manner, High Windows accurately reflects what appears to be Larkin’s view on religion. However, in poems such as The Explosion, religion is viewed in a very different way – it becomes something that offers hope, and something to be revered. It mentions that the dead men ‘Are sitting in God’s house in comfort’. As this is the final poem in the collection, it could suggest that the actual message Larkin is attempting to convey is one of hope and faith. As High Windows suggests the opposite, it could be considered a misleading title poem. Throughout High Windows, many of the poems explore the theme of young people being somehow ‘separate’ to the older generation. To do this, Larkin often makes use of a speaker who is outside the events of the poem and observing the actions of others. The speaker of High Windows seems to be a middle-aged man looking at teenagers. There is a sense of the cyclic nature of life in this poem, as he also alludes to the fact that someone older than the speaker probably watched him when he was young. This also appears in Annus Mirabilis. The youth of today are often connected with sexual freedom – Larkin is very frank about ‘bonds and gestures pushed to one side’ allow the young to have sex and be more free. This is similar to the ‘sort of bargaining’ mentioned in Annus Mirabilis. This Be The Verse also includes the cyclic nature of life. The speaker claims that ‘Man hands on misery to man’, which suggests that every generation is similar to the last, just slightly different, and this continues throughout all of life. Because High Windows is so similar to many of the other poems and show so well the main themes of the collection, I do think that it is a very appropriate title poem. However, there are also many contradictions within the collection, and so it would be almost impossible to pick one poem that shows every element of the collection. High Windows serves as a good introduction to many of the concepts discussed within the collection, and also paves the way for further exploration of these themes.

Communication (Neo-Liberalism) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication (Neo-Liberalism) - Essay Example Surveillance has become part of media and to some extent life too. Current communication policy is ruled by the technological discoveries and achievements. UNESCO's New World Information and Communication Order have sponsored various world summits to evolve and update communication policies based on the emerging neoliberalism and other connected theories. Neoliberal visions and revisions of the global communication policy are focused on the technical aspects of communication. Globalization, technical evolution and democratization are the forces that have introduced neoliberalism. According to Andrejevik (2004), reality surveillance shows like Big Brother are not tremendously popular and is only viewed by spectators willing to enter into a virtual space; but this does not mean that it is not successful and its success is attributed to its democratic attitude, though considered to be a distorted version by others. He says this is mainly because of the emergence of a surveillance based economy gives authenticity to the reality shows and how the society is reacting to them without being obviously revolutionalised by them. Also there is a genuine fear that the bad old days of police states, unlimited surveillance and authoritarian regimes are not far off, due to the communication and media technologies that are becoming more and more aggressive every day. In addition to this, sociologists are worried about the addictive shopping that might overtake all other priorities. Bennett, who gives historical and political background through Freudian concepts of psychoanalysis as a contributing factor, invoking Freud's penchant for economic explanations of the psyche, talks about getting motivated by the unconscious marketing and goes to the extent of sexualizing advertised products which will once again lead the unconscious buyers into compelling addictive shopping. "Addictive shopping first entered the psychiatric textbooks in 1915; but it was only in the 1990s that it became the subject of a raft of psychological theories and therapies offering to explain and address the emotional needs and personality traits assumed to give rise to compulsive spending" Bennett (2005). No doubt, this is stating it in its extremity with 'utmost skepticism'; but the days of unlimited freedom, individuality and privacy seem to be very fast disappearing and this is a disturbing trend. According to Williams tries to attach neoliberalism into Marxist theories and thinks it is necessary to understand both the dominant and the residual cultures. He argues that cultural emergence could be complex; but is of major importance, as the social order is changing and right now it is difficult to differentiate between the dominant and the secondary. Because the society under neoliberalism has not yet reached the changed perspective; instead, it is still going through the stage of pre-emergence of the final form."Again and again what we have to observe is in effect a pre-emergence, active and pressing, but not yet fully articulated, rather than the evident emergence which could be more confidently named. It is to understand more closely this condition of pre-emergence, as well as the more evident forms of the emergent, the residual, and the dominant, that we need to explore the concepts of struct6ures of feeling," Williams (1977). Neoliberalism is

What are the strategies of Apple Incorporated Essay

What are the strategies of Apple Incorporated - Essay Example Center of discussion in this paper is Apple as a very unique company because it dominated a market segment which is not its core business. Apple was launched in 1976 in a garage with Steve Wozniak and was able to revolutionize the computing industry with the introduction of its product line Macintosh (Mac) that â€Å"dramatically changed personal computing through its user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), which allowed users to interact with screen images rather than merely typing text commands†. Apple’s success is not solely attributed to the creativity and functionality of its product line but also to its pricing strategy which has been a big change from the 1990s when consumers regarded Apple as a producer of overpriced tech baubles that cannot effectively compete against the far cheaper Windows PCs. This change was a result of a succesful implementation of its value chain activities that has significantly lowered its price. It became very pronounced with the launching of Ipad which price was far lower than what they expected. Its introductory price last year of $499 stunned everyone, which led John Gallaugher, an associate professor of information systems at Boston College to comment â€Å"It was a very competitively priced device†. The same is true in the notebook product line. When Macbook Air was introduced in 2008, it was priced at an exorbitant $1,799. This became possible by the briliant management of Apple’s supply chain due to capitalizing its organizational capability of having huge cash reserves. It made its supply chain a strategic weapon to lower price in order to capture the market. It tapped into its huge war chest of $82 billion in cash and marketable securities to lock up supplies of parts for years to enable it push down cost by the scale of its purchase (Wingfield, 2011). It also bought manufacturing capacity ahead of its time and made its components scarce that, in turn, made its competitors scrambling for any parts that are left and drove the cost of its products up while Apple had lowered its own (Wingfield, 2011). To date, Apple has been recorded as the biggest buyer of flash memory chips in the world according to the research firm iSuppli (Wingfield, 2011). The effect of using value chain management as a strategic weapon proved to be a nemesis among its competitors. When this effective value chain management was reflected in retail prices, competitors had to slash their prices where Motorola’s Xoom tablet was pushed to lower its price at $379 at Best Buy (for a limited time) and virtually won the competition with Hewlett-Packard’s TouchPad line of tablets which were pushed to be sold at $99 to clean the inventories. III. What is the core of Apple from a product point of view? The core product of Apple was its desktop computer Macintosh. Its main revenue source however comes from its other product line such as Ipad, Iphone and Ipod. IV. Are all products and servic es equal to Apple? If not what are the key pieces? Use your entire toolkit, especially the financials, to support your decision.   Apple Incorporated made itself distinct by making its hardware and software work in synergy that enabled its products and services unequalled by its competitors. The best example that we can show for this is the synergy that its operating system iOS5 that provide synergy among the different product lines of Apple. It powers the iPad, iPod and iPod touch which allows the three products to interact and complement each other. Its new computer operating system Lion also has an Air-drop feature that has made sharing of information between Mac computers very convenient. Air-drops peer

Macro Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Macro Economics - Assignment Example Jim Flaherty, the Finance Minister, asserted that the balanced budget was not negotiable. The IMF’s report also pointed out some of the probable storm clouds on the horizon including the cooling housing market, historic debt-to-income levels, along with increased risks in the United States and Europe that could affect the Canadian exports and interest rates. As cited by Jackson, the Harper government requires a sound fiscal thinking, and not balanced laws2. The report by the Washington-based agency further outlined that Canada requires a strategic plan for long-term growth including a fiscal policy that focuses on the reduction of government debt. The fiscal policy needs to have a positive impact on the Canadian economy. Direct and indirect taxation, budget balancing, and government spending can be utilized to counter-cyclically smooth out volatility of real national output. The graph below shows that anything that influences a change in government spending, consumption, or investments will shift the Investment Saving curve3. Therefore, an increase in national spending as well as increasing the demand for goods and services in similar rates pushes the IS curve to the right. The aggregate demand together with the gross domestic product of the nation is increased4. On the other hand, interest rates need to increase in order to equilibrate the liquidity preferences and loanable funds. This will cushion Canada from economic down turns. Jackson, Andrew. 28 January 2014. Canada needs sound fiscal thinking, not balanced budget laws. Accessed 22 October 2014 . The Canadian Press. 3 February 2014. IMF: Canadian economy to grow, slightly, by 2.2 per cent in 2014. Accessed 22

Classroom Management and Student Discipline Research Paper - 2

Classroom Management and Student Discipline - Research Paper Example In this essay, I endeavor to engage in reflection particularly in classroom management and student discipline. Towards this end, I will be discussing various dimensions in classroom management and discipline in the context of my own personal experience. To fully engage in reflective practice, I will draw from relevant literature to assess my own practice. In assessing my practice, I will introduce two types of overarching skills: hard skills and soft skills from where specific strategies belong. I will then highlight areas of weaknesses and strengths. In conclusion, I will offer recommendations for my own practice that hopefully, will aid in both my personal and professional growth. In evaluating and reflecting upon my practice of classroom management and student discipline, I find it helpful to distinguish between two types of practices. First, I will refer to as technical strategies or hard skills. The second category I shall label as relationship strategies or soft skills. In the world of work, hard skills often refer to technical skills or procedures often involving machinery and computer protocols. In the classroom, technical strategies are those that involve planning, structuring and organizing systems and procedures to maintain an effective classroom environment. Soft skills on the other hand are the people skills that are employed to build on relationships. In the classroom, certain relationships are important and must be established to reduce disruptions and misbehaviour. Planning would be the key factor in Arrend’s (2009) preventative classroom management strategies. To be able to plan effectively though, it is highly important to know and understand the background of the students, which I usually invest in during the first term of the school year. I have found that this preparation facilitates not only making effective lesson planning

My Middle School Life Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Middle School Life Experience - Essay Example I have seen my life here only in Korea and have enjoyed being the youngest in all siblings. People use to settle in this particular newly developed urban city due to two reasons. Firstly the poor use to establish them here, as it was not expensive states those days. Secondly, the rich people or the upper class uses to settle in this area to discover business ventures and to earn a lot of money. I was quite proud of being designated as upper class or elite citizen. This might seem frightening because now I was a tiny fish in a big pool, but keep in mind: all new incidents are fearsome at initial. If one has the correct approach and rock-hard info on what to anticipate, one can be a middle school specialist in no time. In middle school, I made up a large number of upper-class friends since the start of my school days. In my school, there was a categorized difference in the lower or poor class students and the upper or elite class. Classmates felt very proud if they had any elite classmate in their group. There was a marked difference in the treatment as well. ...I packed myself in a lot of social friends who belong to high-status families. In my own class, I was quite powerful to turn things in favor of me as I belonged to the top social category. I use to rule over my classmates. My ego was quite strong in my social behaviors and I use to talk to classmates of my set only and never use to talk even a bit too poor fellows. Some of these elite classmates were even junkies as if bullying poor classmates, buying expensive stuff, showing off, mocking, playing video games, having fun all the time with luxuries and not more serious about the studies. Most of them were not good graders even. When my poor fellows who were the top graders, tried to be friendly with me, I just harassed theme and passed bad comments of them being poor so badly that it would have been very insulting for them.  Ã‚   There was a girl in my class who belonged to lower social class, was quite studious and wanted to be my friend but never actually told me directly.

Organizational behavior Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational behavior Analysis - Essay Example What made our group more successful in carrying out the project was how each member discussed and listened to everyone’s opinions. For instance, during the choice of places where an interview was to be carried out, all members would lay down their suggestions. Everyone would emphasize why his or her ideas were appropriate while others would oppose, but we would all come into consensus after considering the views of the majority. Despite the achievement of the group all group members would have practiced more commitments in the meetings. If all the members would have attend the meetings held in the school library, there would be a great team impact on the project. For instance, there would be huge contributions to the ideas fostering good progress on the project. There are other weaknesses that I observed in our group which I have reasons to believe would make the group more effective if they were observed and tackled. The weaknesses were relative to a number of concepts. The first one was motivation. Motivation is an act of giving a person a reason to do something in a particular way. According to my observations for the group, the members did not have enough motivation especially when it came to attending meetings. There were those who failed to attend some of the meetings held in the school library. The second concept was emotions. This is any strong feeling of anger, love, hate, joy, or fear (Fugate and Kinicki 81). Some of the members would sometimes get into a negative emotion such as hate, fear and anger. This usually happened during debates on issues involving group activities. For instance, it happened that any issue or idea would be placed at a platform were a number of the members would either oppose or propose. In most cases, those opposing an issue would lose to the proposing side. This would bring

Taxation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Taxation - Research Paper Example Taper Relief: Land: non-business asset Qualifying holding periods: 7 whole years Chargeable gains before taper relief 74,286 Chargeable gains after taper relief @75% 55,714.5 Explanation In the above scenario, the acquisition date is assumed to be 1 November 1998. This entails that there could be no indexation allowance in this scenario because indexation allowance is deducted on gains obtained from disposal of assets that were acquired before April 1998. Because only three acres of land were sold for 80,000, the cost that is subtracted from the acquisition cost is the one that is deductible, as shown in the calculation. The retained or unsold part of the land has not been taken as allowable cost. Because the asset was acquired after 5 April 1998, therefore, it is subject to tamper relief. The qualifying holding period from 1 November 1998 to 14 December 2005 appear to be 7 years and 44 days, however it should only consider whole years, which in this case is 7 yeas. The land is assumed to be a non-business asset and thus the tamper relief is applied @ 75% which reduced the chargeable gains by 25%. D): Disposal Proceeds 6,300 Less: Costs 1,340 Gain before indexation 4,960 Chargeable Gains Nil Explanation Racehorse is a wasting chattel and therefore is always exempted from the calculation of capital gains tax. The gains obtained on a wasting chattel is never included in chargeable gians. No tamper relief has to be calculated because racehorse is already exempted from capital gains tax. E) Because the asset was purchased in May 1971 and held at 31 March 1982, the chargeable gains are to be calculated with the help of 'Rebasing rules': Rebased gain (new...Therefore, the qualifying period will be counted from 6 April 1998. This makes 7 years and 146 days or whole 7 years. It was a non-business asset, therefore the rate for taper relief has been applied at 75%. In the above scenario, the acquisition date is assumed to be 1 November 1998. This entails that there could be no indexation allowance in this scenario because indexation allowance is deducted on gains obtained from disposal of assets that were acquired before April 1998. Because only three acres of land were sold for 80,000, the cost that is subtracted from the acquisition cost is the one that is deductible, as shown in the calculation. The retained or unsold part of the land has not been taken as allowable cost. Because the asset was acquired after 5 April 1998, therefore, it is subject to tamper relief. The qualifying holding period from 1 November 1998 to 14 December 2005 appear to be 7 years and 44 days, however it should only consider whole years, which in this case is 7 yeas. *Indexation allowance for rebasing rules is always based higher of allowable costs before 31 March 1982 (i.e. acquisition cost in the above scenario) and the 31 March 1982 market value. Because of the fact that market value at 31 March 1982 is higher than that of the acquisition cost, 6500 has been taken to calculate indexation allowance. The oil painting was acquired in May 1971, there

Northern Cape Department of Educations Service Standards Research Proposal

Northern Cape Department of Educations Service Standards - Research Proposal Example From this study it is clear that  the turnaround strategy when implemented tries to bring the distressed and underperforming departments back into normal performing setup. The acceptable level of solvency, liquidity, profitability, and cash flow are the basic objectives of a turnaround strategy. The management also try to focus on certain turnaround strategy components like managing, funding, stabilising, fixing of the distressed components to revert back the organisation to working profitably and also to bring back stability into the associated activities of the department. The service standard of the organisation holds the key in judging their capability and analysing their success. In this dissertation also, the success of the department is aimed to be judged on their performance after the turnaround strategy.According to the report  the Northern Cape Education Department (NCED) has moved from an effective and efficient department, to one with many management challenges. In 20 06, the Northern Cape boasted the best matric pass rate, with good financial and administrative systems and reports. In response of this reality, the NCED did adopt a two-pronged approach for the service delivery and also for meeting its performance obligations. The department is faced with a massive task of restoring its sound financial and administrative position. The internal clients’ belief towards the department and its capability of handling any such issues brings back stability in the entire departmental structure.

Feminism During the 50s Essay Example for Free

Feminism During the 50s Essay The book Revolutionary Road, written by Richard Yates, tells the reader a story about the life of Frank and April Wheeler. The Wheelers are a married couple with children who live in a 1950’s suburb. This essay shows the reader how characters in the book do not conform to typical gender roles during this time period and how these gender roles are switched between men and women. The story gives us a lot of insight in to gender roles during the 1950’s. However, Frank and April Wheeler do not abide to the typical gender roles of men and women during this time period in American society. The idea of this analysis is to show the reader how Feminism and Masculinity are tested in Revolutionary Road. Richard Yates switches gender roles in this novel and does a good job of showing us a different perspective from what was most common during the 1950’s. Revolutionary Road is about Frank and April Wheeler who live in a suburb called Revolutionary Estates with their two children Jennifer and Michael. They are viewed by their neighbors as your ideal husband and wife. They have a nosy real estate agent named Mrs. Giving’s who randomly shows up throughout the story and has a deranged son named John who ends up having some conflict with the Wheelers. Mrs. Giving’s also has a husband named Howard who seems not to care what she has to say most of the time because she is always gossiping or talking too much. There is also a couple, Milly and Shep Campbell who are family friends of the Wheelers and often hang out and drink together. Frank ends up having an affair with Maureen, a woman who works at Knox with him. He ends up feeling guilty about it because April does something special for him. She stops the argument they are in and has a surprise birthday plan for him and tells him about her plans of moving their family to Europe. Plans fail however when April realizes she is pregnant and Frank is satisfied that they won’t have to move. April ends up having an affair with Shep Campbell who is in love with her secretly. The story ends up with April killing herself attempting to do her own abortion from home. Frank lives on in distraught and agony. Richard Yates uses Feminism in the story to show the reader how Frank fits in with typical feminine role of this time and April fits in with the  typical masculine role. Frank is constantly emasculated throughout the story by April. When they realize April is pregnant, she wants to have an abortion. Frank is upset but he can’t do much about it because he doesn’t have any say in what she does. He tries to say, â€Å"Listen. Listen to me. You do this – you do this and I swear to God I’ll –† and she cuts him off and says, â€Å"Oh, you’ll what? You’ll leave me? What’s that supposed to be – a threat or a promise?† (Yates 52) testing his masculinity once again. April is not the typical woman of the 50’s and that’s why conflicting gender roles play such an important theme in this novel. Frank thrives off of the need to prove himself to April. He wants her to believe he is in control of every situat ion and is the man of the house. He tries to put off this image to April that he is a real man and leads their household. Frank has a lot of conflict throughout the book because of his constant need to prove his manhood and prove his masculinity to April. Richard Yates uses Frank Wheeler to show us just how this novel conflicts the typical gender roles during the 1950’s. Yates says about Frank, â€Å"Wasn’t it true, then, that everything in his life from that point on had been a succession of things he hadn’t really wanted to do? Taking a dull job to prove he could be as responsible as any other man†¦ Having another child to prove that the first one hadn’t been a mistake†¦ Proving, proving; and for no other reason than that he was married to a woman who put him forever on the defensive† (Yates 51). Yates shows the reader the true tenacity of Frank’s need to prove himself to April day after day. Having a job, having a family, and doing everything to provide for your family were all things men were expected to do during that time in America. Frank has an obsession with needing April to believe he is in control and fully providing for her and their children. He feels she will leave him or step up and provide for them herself is he cannot do it. Frank is trying to prove he is the man and holds the masculine gender role over April. April says in one scene to Frank, â€Å"Me. Me. Me. Oh, you poor, self-deluded – Look at you, Look at you, and tell me how by any stretch of imagination you can call yourself a man† ( Yates 28) which really test Franks masculinity. He is without a doubt upset about April’s actions and words. By receiving her approval, he feels his masculinity and feels he has accomplished what is important. Throughout the  story however, we see that Frank never truly gets the approval from April he is looking for. Yates intends for Frank to be weaker and less masculine than April. This is how Richard Yates uses conflicting gender roles in his characters. April is a very independent woman and she will take care of what she feels is necessary. She doesn’t look to Frank for guidance and leadership. The narrator points this out when April is mowing the lawn and Frank is watching her wishing he was doing it. The narrator states that Frank had â€Å"planned as soon as he’d had some coffee to go out there and take the lawnmower away from April, by force if it was necessary, so the he could restore as much balance to the morning as possible. But he was still in his bathrobe† (Yates 40). Frank cannot stand the fact that April is mowing the yard and not letting him do it. Yates gives us a description of April in the yard, he says, â€Å"It was April herself, stolidly pushing and hauling the old machine, wearing a man’s shirt and a pair of loss, flapping slacks† (Yates 35) This description of April really gives the reader a simple understanding that April doesn’t need Frank to mow the yard because she is capable and willing to do it herself. These are the things that really bother Frank because he wants a woman who needs him to do everything for her. That’s what Frank feels he is supposed to do; he wants to be the sole provider and â€Å"alpha† of his household. Another way we see Frank being emasculated is when April plans the move to Europe. She tells Frank about the plans to move at his surprise birthday get together, he had just got home from having an affair with Maureen from his office. The narrator gives us a good understanding of Frank’s inability to take control. He ends up agreeing with the plans even though he is not fully sure and confident that is what he wants. Frank says, â€Å"Darling? We are really going to do it, aren’t we? I mean it hasn’t just been a lot of talk or anything, has it?† (Yates 116) and they agree the move to Europe is a sure thing. Then they fall asleep and the chapter ends with April saying I love you to Frank. Frank is finally feeling a sense of assurance at this point because things are getting better between him and April. He is finally feeling that sense of satisfaction he thrives for. He and April are getting  along and things â€Å"seem† to be good. However, April ends up letting Frank in on some startling news. She is pregnant and when Frank finds out he is actually happy about the news because he has had a promotion offered to him at work and knows that having a baby will keep them from moving. When April realizes Frank is satisfied with not moving she threatens to abort the baby herself after Frank finds her abortion tools and she test Franks masculinity again by saying, â€Å"And what are you going to do? Do you think you’re going to stop me?† (Yates 209) when he questions her on what she is going to do with the tools. Frank has no control over any situations throughout this book. Especially in this situation because April has had her mind set on moving and she was not going to take no for an answer. She eventually kills herself trying to proceed in doing an abortion herself at their home. April had control of the situation the whole time. Furthermore, â€Å"Revolutionary Road† gives the reader a wide and detailed interpretation of very unusual gender roles for the 1950’s. The author’s use of feminism helps him to show how Frank is a man who feeds of his wife for satisfaction. Everything Frank does is mainly to get the approval and acceptance of his wife April. Feminism also helps us to take a look at how April Wheeler is portrayed. She is a very independent woman and for this time period that is very rare. Women typically depended on men and did not step up as leaders and sole providers of their family. However, April is much different. She wants Frank to know that she can take care of herself and her family without the help of a man. She is portrayed as being much more masculine and superior than her husband. She is in control of their relationship and she is in control of Frank’s life. Everything Frank does is based on what April thinks and getting her to notice and her to approve is what makes him feel like a man. Richard Yates did an amazing job in â€Å"Revolutionary Road† by showing the reader the conflicting gender roles of April and Frank Wheeler. Works Cited Yates, Richard. Revolutionary Road. 2nd. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 2000. Print.

Effect of Csr Activities on Sales Essay Example for Free

Effect of Csr Activities on Sales Essay Reasons for this can be multinational corporations’ increasing influence on world economy as well as scandals revealing horrible working conditions in different industries. In spite of the fact that the demand for CSR is growing, there has always been critics. The most influential critic is Noble Prize winner Milton Friedman, who claims CSR to be a waste of stockholders’ money. However, several articles claim, opposite Friedman, that CSR rather increases a company’s financial performance in the long run. These claims have made us curious about in what way CSR is related to a company’s performance. Moreover, it has led to us wanting to find out how CSR can influence customer perceptions on a product or service offering. Conclusions –All the initiatives gave a positive influence on the respondents’ perceptions, but the ones resulting in the most positive changes of the perceptions and willingness to buy were social responsible business practises, cause-related marketing and corporate philanthropy, which are initiatives where the company are doing the largest effort instead of just encouraging others to make an effort. The respondents answered that they trust the companies’ information about CSR to some extent, but also think a third party should scrutinise the companies’ activities and inform. The most favourable channel for CSR information was from environmental organisations, government organisations and the third party web media. Therefore it seems like the respondents value that the companies provide information, but are not too forward and pushing the information on them by for example advertisements. Keywords : CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility, Cause promotion, Cause-related marketing, Corporate social marketing, Corporate philanthropy, Community volunteering, Social responsible business practices. Introduction: CSR is today a frequently used concept, as companies to a larger extent are held accountable for what is happening in the society. The company should also inform the stakeholders about their CSR activities in an appropriate way, in order to capitalise from all possible benefits. In order to make a trustworthy impression and gain the most benefits, the choice of CSR activity and way of communication is crucial for the company, and therefore the perceptions of the consumers are very important to know more about and understand. In the last decade tendencies towards a more social aware community have been strong. In itself these trends are nothing that is particularly new. People have always preached for problems like public health, wildlife protection, prevention of child labor etc. What is different now is that companies to a larger extent are held accountable for what is happening in our society. Companies that engage in CSR activities are likely to have different motives for doing so. Many researches claim that corporate social responsibility originally consists of activities that a company performs out of commitment and duty. However, there are also commercial motives for CSR activities. For example CSR activities may result in advantages when it comes to receiving funding, recruiting new employees, cost reductions etc. To capitalise from all possible advantages it is crucial for the company to communicate their CSR work in an appropriate way. Theoretical Framework: Types of CSR Activities: a) Cause promotion Cause promotion is often done in the way that the company provide funds, contribute financially or with any other resource, with the objective to increase awareness, support fundraising or participation, or to recruit volunteers for a specific cause. In this initiative persuasive communications are important, to create concern and to persuade people to contribute or participate to support the cause. In successful campaigns use of motivating messages and the choice of effective media channels are crucial. They also make use of publicity, printed materials, special events, web sites, advertising, featuring the logo and key message of the company and those who represent the cause. Further methods are employee involvement, messages on product labelling and to provide store space for promotions. Many of the potential benefits are marketing related, like strengthened brand positioning and preference, increased traffic and consumer loyalty.

Developing Nature in Architecture

Developing Nature in Architecture Nature is not what it used to be. Or at least that is what we may think, when we look at the way humans and their technologies have treated nature. When we speak of nature, however, we are essentially talking about our relationship with nature, never nature itself. What we refer to as nature or natural has always been as much about what we see, as it is about what we think is out there. And trying to bring nature into view is equally ambivalent. Images of nature cannot be taken at face value either. It is not the straightforward case of what we see, is what we get. What is at stake are our cultural perceptions of nature. In viewing nature we can only talk about what we call nature.(Michiel Schwarz,2005) To the extreme, to differentiate what is nature and what is not is always a matter of contention. Of course, nature will always be something that can be looked at, literally. The relationship between nature and culture can catch the attention of human in which the opinions and requirement of human towards nature are being changed and distorted. Thinking of arbitrary designing method is available in architecture; people actually play a passive role in their own space. Firstly, we must refuse the arbitrary imparting of uprooted greenery in design, then regain and give back the original characteristics to nature by creating a pathway in between inside (architectural) and outside (environmental) for humans to play an initiative role in approaching nature. Nowadays, people are more likely to stay in the architectural interior space than in the nature. Because of that, architects and designers just simply apply the greenery into the space and create so-called green architecture. But that is actually a kind of artificial design, and it will mislead the human to the perceptions of nature. Nature doesnt have a design problem. People do. Instead of using nature as a Mere tool for human purposes; we can strive to become tools of nature that serve its agenda too. What would it mean to become, once again, native to this place, the Earth the home of all our relations? (William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle-to-Cradle) Its a challenge for designer to design a habitat for people and create a rich communication with surrounding natural sources within the living space. People will have to evaluate what nature actually is, in order to have a common view on that, it tends to give a justice to space instead of adopting the ideas of arbitrary design by imparting uprooted greenery into interior space. If not, nature will just become an object as part of human design in this age of genetic engineering, artificial beaches, virtual environment or uprooted greenery for decoration purposes. Regrettably, people will soon forget about the spirit and the value of the real nature and occupied by all the fake surface of nature. Body Sometimes, people will loose the idea of the original and change according to human perception. It may be hard to draw a line between these two boundaries. It is interesting to combine these two things together and have a discussion over it. Natures open-ended completion by architecture and the landscapes fundamental openness to architectural rewriting indicates unfolding of nature into culture through landscape, architecture and technology is the move from first to second nature. It may be seen as unfair to the human and nature itself when everyone imparts the artificial greenery in the space and that is so called sustainable green design. (Fig.1,2) Those small countries with limited space like Japan, architects try to maximize the interior living space and creating interior garden within the house. People tend to stay in the space and seldom approach to the outside world. An alternative approach is to differentiate between natural and artificial processes. Some processes can take place as a result of human action; but not others. For example, water flowing is a natural process; bathing is an artificial one. In this view, cultural processes are the clear result of purposeful human action; invention and control of the human will result in the culture. Some question may be pop out: Will there be any needs for functional buildings or spaces that aimed to be success as a decorative nature objects? The feeling of the users will be influenced by the concern for the nature and artificial green object directly. But, does such an aesthetic response show us the responsibility of the designers or do justice to either beauty or design? A beautiful world is what a human being pursues in their mind. So, it did urge us to design for the dwellings and tools are seemed as old as humanity. The problem is that the real aesthetics of nature are being forgotten by human being and only stay inside the spaces and play with the uprooted greenery. This becomes a requirement of people instead of the original meaning of the nature and the interaction between human and environment itself. The deeper side of beauty is the knowledge of living truth as an ongoing process of creation that is hard to understand. This is the beauty of inner purpose that emerges to our amazement because we try to discover those new things. The perception of an old nature is just getting more and more basically nurtures. Another question for this: Whether opposite equal to possible or impossible? The optimistic thinkers will probably believe that the control over the nature will continue until we get used with that and cannot waive it off. On the contrary, we can have our own dominant nature and the way people imparting nature in the spaces is an illusion. Nature will keep on changing with the footstep of human governs nature. The boundaries between nature and culture will never change. Thanks again to the science and technology, which blurred the line between nature and culture and abandon the real nature and separate them with the human being. The natural setting in our world make the space become compelling, it is because that it provides such a rich source of these properties, and the site specific architectural design takes advantage from each of the part. Interior materials, colors, patterns, textures, and artwork will draw the qualities and features of the architecture and landscape inside enhancing a seamless interior/exterior sensory experience. But, it is not telling us to use the same materials, but rather materials that consist of the qualities and features most derived from the architecture and the landscape. By integrating the natural elements of the site into the form of the architecture itself, human being will have the chance of experiencing the unique relationships between inside and outside from multiple perspectives as we move from space to space within the space. Furthermore, the boundaries of indoor rooms and outdoor spaces among visual and physical can be dissolving into a mosaic of inside-outside spaces. By using the walls and wings of the space to define outdoor rooms, the experience of living is extended into a sheltered natural environment. For this, both distant views and views of nearby nature are essential. Distant views link us with the nature of the site, while nearby nature links us to the confusion and immediate sensory pleasures of the design instead of move the nature into the space to approach the human being. We have no longer an outside and an inside as two separate things. Now the outside may come inside and the inside may and does go outside. They are of each other. Form and function thus become one in design and execution if the nature of material and method and purpose are all in unison. (Wright 1954 p.50) By the way, world and nature can be seeing as in the same level; there is no still form. Every form in becoming alive should move Man. Nature is the only source for architecture to keep on moving. Living architecture is used to enhance the spirit of human being and change the architecture into a living being. There are many ways of imparting nature to architecture, it is necessary to differentiate between two approaches: one which uses nature as a composing element and one favors leaving nature as much as possible untouched or as element of worship. This first result in ignorance and bring down the characteristics of nature; the second approach will influence directly to the separation among the built and unbuilt environment, or to stimulate human feeling and thinking by the organic architecture. When we discuss about imparting greenery into space and design, we will link to Biophilic design, which coined in 1984 by a Harvard biologist, Edward O. Wilson, to elaborate what he thought the inherent human attraction to nature: Incorporates real or simulated natural elements in an effort to promote well being. It is a quirky, lesser-known cousin of green design, and is concerned more with speaking to our emotions, our ancient genetic predilections, probably fundamental, for interaction with a natural world. Unlike green design, it is more focus on energy and protects natural resources, but not focuses on sustainable building practices. In another hand, Biophilic design is more concerned with appearances and natures relaxing effect. (Edward O. Wilson, 1984) Biophilic architecture is a part of a new concept in architecture, that work intensively with human health, ecology and sustainability precepts, such as integral part of architectural formation which must be in optimal proportion with other buildings material. However, the interpretation and final implementation of Biophilic design must have a regional dimension with regard to environment and culture. In accurate, there are twelve attributes identified, including color, water, air, sunlight, plants, animals, natural materials, views and vistas, faà §ade greening, landscape, habitats and fire. Human design has made nature more natural than natural: it is now becoming kind of hypernatural. Actually, this will never exist. It has surpassed the real thing; hypernatural nature is always just a little bit prettier, slicker and safer compared to the old kind. Lets be honest: its actually culture. The more we learn to control trees, animals, atoms and the climate, the more they lose their natural character and enter into the realms of culture. So, next nature will be start from cultural products that is complex and we can only integrate them with man-nature relationship. (Stephen R. Kellert) The basic dimension of Biophilic design is a place-based or vernacular dimension; it can be described as buildings and landscapes that connect to the culture and ecology of a locality or geographic area. Sense, spirit of place, underscoring how buildings and landscapes of meaning to people are the dimensions that become integral to their individual and collective identities, metaphorically transforming inanimate matter into something that feels lifelike and often sustains life. People want to experience the sensory, emotional, and spiritual satisfactions that can be obtained only from an intimate interplay, indeed from identification with the places in which they live. This interplay and identification generate the spirit of the place. The environment acquires the attributes of a place through the fusion of the natural and human order. (Rene Dubos, 1980,110) Human always connects theirs sensory such as physical, visual, material between interiors and nature. Compared to nature, most of the built environments support somewhat shallow and limited experiences, while Biophilic design can fulfill all of the senses fullyfor example like walking along the beach, camping in the forest, or watching sunrise. It is an active experience that awakens us every moment that we are living and going on with our daily life. Distinction between sustainable design (or green design) and Biophilic design can be considered as a challenge for the designers as it indicates how they can address the method to incorporate into our spaces. There are two primary reasons for Biophilic design in architecture; first, the clear ideas of benefits link with human performance, emotional well being, learning, stress reduction and healing. Secondly, from the environment viewpoint, it is an effort to eliminate pollution and greater protection to support clean environment. Frankly, health and healing are the clear ideas of benefits that are given by the Biophilic design. In advance, contacting with nature involves exposure to natural light or sunlight, yet another pain-reduction mechanism may come into play. When these advantages are known and agreed by the human, they will just have to try to impart greenery in the design as much as possible. From an environmental viewpoint, to inspire interest and appreciate nature, to incorporate Biophilic design features and elements in spaces are essential. This appreciation can be explained as a motivation for people to care for the environment and at the same time to protect it. Coming to the resolution of conflicts and achieving balance of Biophilic design link the connection with nature has been found to enhance healing and recovery from illness. Likewise, it also reduces health problems as well as social problems. Even the presence of limited amounts of vegetation such as grass and trees has been regarded as an adaptive behavior. The missing link in current sustainable design is a basic that will narrow down the focus on avoiding harmful environmental impacts. Low environmental impact design fails to address the critical needs equally of diminishing human separation from nature, enhancing positive connection with environmental processes and this important objective of Biophilic design. Human being may neglect some of the part in terms of modern architecture and construction, a condition the eminent architectural historian Vincent Scully described in this way: The relationship of manmade structures to the natural world, has been neglected by architecture. There are many reasons for this. Foremost among them, is the blindness of the contemporary urban world to everything that is not itself, to nature most of all. Lacking of experience is the main cause for this blindness; it indicates and reveals the illogical and self-defeating results of designing in oppositional relation to the natural environment. (Vincent Scully, 1991:11) So, by creating the element for example likes windows, doors, voids, and opening, those elements can support the space and connect it to the outside environment. Windows are very important for the interior spaces; they ensure access to views, daylight, sunlight, fresh air, outdoor spaces and activities, seasons, natures sounds, smells, and life. Windows help to connect building occupants with a richness that may be critical to the individual and at the same time, they also offer those outside building with a level of transparency, oversight, and contact with lifes activities that is critical to community. While a direct connection from the indoors to the natural diversity of outdoor places may be critical for human health and inspiration, the direct connection from outdoors to inside is equally critical. Windows reveal the spirit of place, as an important element for the spaces window act as a mirror of nature. The view of the nature outside or even the reflection of the environment being created by human is in a way non-arbitrarily defined as in between inside and outside. It incorporates a threshold whereby a strong dialogue between the inside and outside occurs with a unique in-between experience as the result. In human relationship with nature, we can also gain invaluable models from non-arbitrary architecture for current design education by showing an architecture that derives from and speaks to human beings existence in the world. By using this method, it shows a great planning and developing for the content of site, many opportunities can be get and created for human to view and approach the outside nature. Instead of applying greenery in the interior space as design tool, the in between transition space of inside and outside enhance the relationship of architectural spaces and environmental nature surrounds. By the way, the natural symbols can help us to think about how our buildings might be made more thoughtful instead of telling us on how to build.   Moreover, a deep understanding is more important when come to the question of creating a non-arbitrary architecture grounded in human being-in-the-world. The philosopher Karsten Harries writes that a key task of architecture is interpreting the world as a meaningful order in which the individual can find his place in the midst of nature and in the midst of a community. Harries argues that, too often, buildings dont respond to the needs of human dwelling because they are made arbitrarily instead of being let to arise out of the real-world requirements of particular people, places and landscapes. To give an annotation to human life, design both listen and incorporate nature and culture can be part of a non-arbitrary architecture. Harries claims that one need in creating a non-arbitrary architecture understands what he calls natural symbols: The underlying patterns of experience that mark the essential qualities of human nature and life, for example, qualities of direction, of weight, of materiality, of light and so forth. Natural symbols often express themselves in lived dialectics like up and down, vertical and horizontal, and center and boundary. (Harries 1993) Thus, architects and designers play an important role to explore the nature symbols in between the living spaces and environment, which will provide and enhance the dialogue between human and nature. The creation of an inside automatically shapes an outside, which then relates to inside into a dialectic relationship. Inside establishes physical security and safety from natures elements and societys demands and also facilitates a sense of identity for the person and group. In fact, eye catching interior spaces in the built environment often appear to have a connection with the outside environment. These areas indicate the changing of nature with culture. Furthermore, impressive design forms in the built environment that shows its quality in terms of porches, foyers, atriums, and interior gardens. So, the relationship within inside and outside bound of the areas is the criteria that we need to take into consideration. As a result, it makes the continuity linkage for it strongly. To show the familiarity and predictability, the connection to the geographic of an area must be secured. An example is the case study of Falling Water by Frank Lloyd Wright, which creates a powerful sense of insideness and is expressed in roughly; cladded stonewalls to melt the architecture space in the nature outside. In a contrasting way, the transparency of glass windows opens inside to outside and thereby connects the two spaces. In-betweeness involves a place neither inside nor out. It incorporates a threshold whereby a strong dialogue between the inside and outside occurs with a unique in-between experience as the result. (Fig.3) The fusion of interior and exterior-the cave and the clearing- so that the two melded and flowed together was Wrights great achievement, so of his contemporaries worked with the same way of opening the house to the outside world. In spite of his own rhetoric, Wright knew that an architecture that ignores the images of both cave and clearing is invalid, and he incorporated this knowledge into his finest work. The other example will be the famous house designed by Le Corbusier near Paris, Ville Savoy. The visible wall is at the other side of the interior courtyard. The ambiguity between the functional wall of glass and the visible wall is confusing and inharmonious. The developing technology of the twentieth century was regarded with a peculiar romantic fervor by architects. (Fig.4) By using nature as a component and mostly invisible, abstract one if a residential or urban complex is in the chaos of the citys built environment and borrowed nature if the building is embedded in unspoiled, open sites. The spirit of the nature will not appear itself automatically. Nature is an addition when it comes to unite the human and natural worlds and pay attention to revealing natures will as well as human souls embedded in nature. My goal has not been to communicate with nature as it is, but rather to try to change the meaning of nature through architecture by rendering nature abstract through architecture. All of my works are trying to create the confrontation between architecture and nature.'(Tadao Ando) On account of the boundary of spaces, people will also shows their strong feeling over it where they cherish the delineated spaces within the build environment, it helps to enhance the knowledge of clear and consistent boundaries and place demarcations. For that reason, how can the design itself create a pathway in between inside and outside so that the architectural space offers people to approach the outside nature instead of impart greenery arbitrarily? Architects should maintain a certain ambiguity and an unwillingness to entirely dissolve the boundary between culture and nature. It does so, not only through its visual identity, through a negotiation between emergence and disappearance, but more particularly through the contrast between the visual and the spatial realm, where one is simultaneously part of and distanced from the external environment. In advance, comfort can be gained through transitional spaces within and between built and natural environments by providing access from one area to another; hence, thresholds, portals, doors, bridges, and fenestration are the main factors of a built environment. Therefore, the transitional area in the space will be the boundaries among the interior space with the outside environment. Positively, people are showing their concern to the natural and built environments when variability has been united by integrated and patterned wholes. Moreover, people prefer in natural and built environments the feeling that breaks apart including an overall emergent property consisting of to the sun of the individual parts. The threshold not only separates and binds human beings; it also connects the private, intimate realm to an outside, public, workaday world. Interior space can be described as a magnet that can be found around us in any of the direction to which they can bring home with their gathered experience. The threshold that both disjoin and integrate an inside and outside sets in exercise a momentum of leave-taking and homecoming that sets the temporal rhythm of work and play, of an active and ruminative life. An interior space can be shown from that and it cannot exist apart from the path leading from its doorsteps to the doorsteps of another space and another realm. This pathway not only connects to interior spaces but also links a to a world that we know. (Fig.5) Human beings can interact with nature only if the urban geometry permits such interactions. In addition to visual line-of-sight, we pay attention to pedestrian access and the in between transition spaces. Having some uprooted plant life available is only first step: we need to make it accessible to pedestrians and design an environment in which such an interaction can be maintained and connected. Frequently, ornamental plants may be seen but not approached. We must create gardens that are physically hostile environment for the pedestrian. Pathways are exposed in the middle of this space, between the interior spaces and the forbidden green lawn. Private lawns are out-of-bounds, while any bushes and trees form a protective wall around a house, instead of belonging to the public land. We have to question this habit, breaking up outside environment into inside architectural spaces crisscrossed by paths. The other example that shows how transition spaces can define the space and function is The Museum of Modern Art in Ney York City. The Museum is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City designed by Yoshio Taniguchi. (Fig.6) In Taniguchis MoMA design, the primary elements that internalize external space are vast windows that bring aspects of the city into the building, creating a layered effect that loosens the intensity and simplicity inherent in the modernist elements, and also declares the act of viewing art to be part of a multifaceted urban lifestyle. Transition spaces as a connector in between every separated space. It is important to create a passage in between different defined function of space. These corridor or verandah design can be a breathing place for people before entering another space. People used to be the participant in the space when theres physical access to outside by the solid walls but everything changed after the glass being used and applied. Visually, the solid wall was replaced by glass. The consequent interaction between the interaction between the interior space and the outside world is the most striking change to be noted in the design of contemporary buildings. So, how to create a new design modular system to solve the problem of people being an observer in the space nowadays? The very traditional layout and volumes of the house is connected and less of opening. So by creating an internal corridor/ verandah in the space can bring in the natural lighting and good in air ventilation. The principle of separating the volumes applied by the rearranging of independent volumes. (Fig.7) This figure is a diagram that experimented based on an existing house and show how the concept of separating volumes can be created by add in the internal corridor. People can enjoy different spaces and lifestyle, but not fixing the dwelling space. The volumes have a free layout but are connected by linear corridor and verandah elements. The verandah itself becomes a transition area between volumes and rooms. It separated the volumes and creates a additional distance for people to transit. The points of transition, in the old time design or architecture, provided physical passage as well as visual access. Until recently, the windows and doors were always operable and were required for ventilation. System of mechanical air circulation made it possible to have visual access to the outside world without direct physical access, and visual access to the outside world without direct physical access, and people experience exterior/surrounding space in most apartment buildings, hotels, and office structures passively, as an observer, not a participant. For this environmental isolation we will unavoidable pay a price. How can an architect achieve the Biophilic design by taking into consideration the elements/ structures that are placed in between interior and exterior? For example the sheltered structure is designed to decrease the direct sun coming in the interior space by creating the sun break. The very first step towards passive Biophilic design is to reflect upon the energy distribution in the building form and volume. Distribution of the energy needs to correspond to the function and activity of those spaces. (Fig.8) The advantages of natural cooling for human comfort and long-term health should be compared to the impact of variable and constant cold air blown through diffusers. The quantity and quality of outdoor air that can be delivered through natural cooling should be compared to that delivered by a range of mechanical systems, over time. Conclusion A bioregional approach to sustainable habitat design considers local origin a fundamental to its architectural methodologies, played out especially in the types of construction materials used and the source of these materials. (Fig.9) Biophilic exposure as well as passive and active solar hear gain. So the iterative process in sustainable development become very important for a bioregional built environment. The design related strategies included outdoor comfort/ ventilation and solar access/ sky exposure. An important consideration is user and pedestrian comfort. Studies of transition spaces assist designers in minimizing negatives wind effect while maximizing beneficial ventilation conditions. Some of these typically wind effects and their counter strategy applied, are: tunnel effect, downdraft, redirection, tear of edges and acceleration. Real curtains are an important part of the design, to nuance the outdoor light or define indoor spaces. (Fig.10) This figure shows how the form and opening of the blocks can affect to the daily natural lighting and air ventilation within the space. The requirements for solar and light access and sky exposure can be met on several different levels-right of way width, dwelling orientation, building faà §ade reflectivity, heights and massing, distribution of function and glazing percentage. To create new modular principles for define the new balance between the arbitrary design and non-arbitrary design in sustainability context. By balancing the openness and refuge/ sheltered element in the living space with an increased ability to view out and feel connected to others in the environment could be the better solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the different situation and local context, just like Singapore that is lacking of natural elements and limited possibility of natural views, we should have certain methodologies and principles to guide and achieve the Biophilic Design. So there is many constraints and guideline for architects or designers to study and analyze before design. With well study of the site context and environment surrounded the building, can easily enjoy the benefit from the natural world. From the orientation of the buildings, form study and even every single opening can actually create a robust connection in between human, nature and space. So, there is no other way to approach nature world within architectural space only by applying the elements and attributes of Biophilic Design. Those artificial greenery and arbitrary way of imparting fake nature will only stop people to approach nature and forget about what is the real nature. Therefore, there is no artificial production and solution for people to approach nature within the architectural space but only a physical access/connector from inside to outside. And the transition pathway between inside and outside is the important role and the elements to encourage people approach the surrounding environment. Architects or designer should study the site condition and apply the attributes of Biophilic Design to enhance the living standard and create a robust connection between nature, people and space.

Ginseng Essay -- Ginseng Plant Plants Science Essays

Ginseng What is ginseng? Ginseng is listed as an adaptogen. Hans Selye, a listed expert on stress, defines an adaptogen as a "non-toxic substance which reinforces the bodys ability to react to stress" (http:/www.sunwellness.com/ginseng.html). It is offered in a variety of species each yielding a different response. What is ginseng made of? Ginseng is a plant with many different components. It is used in its entirety in the preparation of teas, powders, and capsules. It contains saponins, or soaplike materials, that have been named with various numbers and letters, such as Rg1. Its root is said to have a composition similar to that of a steroid (http://www.mkservices.com/ginseng/ more.html) ) It contains compounds containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the proportion C42 H72O14, (Liu et al., 1995). What is it promised to do? Ginseng is said to have many effects on the human body. The cooling effects or relaxing effects are felt from the "Yin" ginsengs such as the American or Siberian species. The warming or stimulating effects are seen from the "Yang" ginsengs which include the species of Korean and Chinese ginsengs (http://www.tenzing.com/g.html). What they are saying: Promised effects Where they are saying it: Internet addresses stimulated mental and physical activity, improved accuracy of work, prevents http://www.mkservices.con-L/ginseng/more.html fatigue, stimulation of endocrine glands, improves memory http://www.com-star.com/ginseng/about.html strengthen the heart and nervous system, builds mental and physical vitality, builds resistance to disease, stimulates endocrine glands http://www.dacom.co.kr/O/o7Ekkm55/moreinfo.html recommended for: decreased health conditions, han... ...ss-induced antinocicpetion in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 52(2) 427-32. Nishiyama N., Wang YL., Saito H. (1995). Beneficial effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription, on learning impairment model in mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Buletin, 18 (11), 1498-503. Van Schepdael P. (1993). Effect of Ginseng G115 on the physical condition of triathletes. Acta Therapeutica, 19(4), 337-347. Wiklund I., Karlberg J., Lund B. (1994). A double-blind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standardized ginseng G115 and placebo. Current Therapeutic Research, 55(1) 32-42. Zhang Y., Takashina K., Saito H., Nishiyama N. (1994). Anti-aging effect of DX-9386 in senescence accelerated mouse. Melissa Schweikhart Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee Health Psychology 115A December 10, 1996 Ginseng Essay -- Ginseng Plant Plants Science Essays Ginseng What is ginseng? Ginseng is listed as an adaptogen. Hans Selye, a listed expert on stress, defines an adaptogen as a "non-toxic substance which reinforces the bodys ability to react to stress" (http:/www.sunwellness.com/ginseng.html). It is offered in a variety of species each yielding a different response. What is ginseng made of? Ginseng is a plant with many different components. It is used in its entirety in the preparation of teas, powders, and capsules. It contains saponins, or soaplike materials, that have been named with various numbers and letters, such as Rg1. Its root is said to have a composition similar to that of a steroid (http://www.mkservices.com/ginseng/ more.html) ) It contains compounds containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the proportion C42 H72O14, (Liu et al., 1995). What is it promised to do? Ginseng is said to have many effects on the human body. The cooling effects or relaxing effects are felt from the "Yin" ginsengs such as the American or Siberian species. The warming or stimulating effects are seen from the "Yang" ginsengs which include the species of Korean and Chinese ginsengs (http://www.tenzing.com/g.html). What they are saying: Promised effects Where they are saying it: Internet addresses stimulated mental and physical activity, improved accuracy of work, prevents http://www.mkservices.con-L/ginseng/more.html fatigue, stimulation of endocrine glands, improves memory http://www.com-star.com/ginseng/about.html strengthen the heart and nervous system, builds mental and physical vitality, builds resistance to disease, stimulates endocrine glands http://www.dacom.co.kr/O/o7Ekkm55/moreinfo.html recommended for: decreased health conditions, han... ...ss-induced antinocicpetion in mice. Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior, 52(2) 427-32. Nishiyama N., Wang YL., Saito H. (1995). Beneficial effects of S-113m, a novel herbal prescription, on learning impairment model in mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Buletin, 18 (11), 1498-503. Van Schepdael P. (1993). Effect of Ginseng G115 on the physical condition of triathletes. Acta Therapeutica, 19(4), 337-347. Wiklund I., Karlberg J., Lund B. (1994). A double-blind comparison of the effect on quality of life of a combination of vital substances including standardized ginseng G115 and placebo. Current Therapeutic Research, 55(1) 32-42. Zhang Y., Takashina K., Saito H., Nishiyama N. (1994). Anti-aging effect of DX-9386 in senescence accelerated mouse. Melissa Schweikhart Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee Health Psychology 115A December 10, 1996

Essay --

Mao Zedong was born December 26, 1893 and lived until September 9 in 1976 when he died in Beijing China. Mao Zedong died from the Motor neuron disease. Mao Zedong was born into a peasant family in the place Shoshanna near Hunan. During the years of 1928 throughout 1931. Mao Zedong and others that worked with Mao Zedong established armies in the hinterlands and created the Red Army which was known as the most feared â€Å"army† in china during the time of the revolution. During the Cultural Revolution Mao Zedong , people also knew him as Mao Zedong Tse tung was the Chinese ruler. He ruled the country during this time known as Chairman of the Communist Party of China. Moa was very well educated in Western and Chinese traditions. During the year 1918 Mao Zedong had a job as a librarian assistant at Peking University. He would call himself a Marxist in the of 1920 and he helped found the current Chinese Communist party Communist formed an alliance during 1923 with a man called Sun Ya sen and his Nationalist party. After that Mao Zedong quit the current job he had as a teacher to become a poli...

A Struggle for Power :: Research Papers

A Struggle for Power Women in Western society have been expected to do what men and their husbands ask of them with no questioning of authority; popular twentieth-century depictions of the â€Å"nuclear family† show the bread-winning husband governing what his submissive wife does and does not do. A conflict over marital authority is found in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† where the narrator is battles the pressures of several authorities which eventually lead to her breakdown. If there is no balance in a marriage and one partner has total authority, then that marriage becomes nothing more than an institution within which the obedient partner is a prisoner. An analysis of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† in the context of Phillip K. Zimbardo’s prison experiment shows the tremendous power that ideologies of obedience and authority have over people, specifically the authority that a man has over his wife, who becomes his prisoner. Many forces control the narrator in â€Å" The Yellow Wallpaper†Ã¢â‚¬â€the most obvious being her husband, John. In the beginning of the story, she goes along with everything her husband tells her—even if she does not agree with it. Because he is a physician, she does not go against his authority. While she may, in fact, feel perfectly fine after writing, she tells herself that she is weary because John has forced the idea into her head. She says, â€Å"I sometimes fancy that in my condition if I had less opposition and more society and stimulus—but John says the very worst thing I can do is to think about my condition, and I confess it always makes me feel bad† (Gilman 577). She respects his authority and complies with his demands. These actions are similar to those of the students in Zimbardo’s prison experiment who were given the roles of prisoners and guards in order that scientists could more fully examine obedience and authority in prisons. Zimbardo tells the reader, â€Å"Act not, want not, feel not and you will not get into trouble in prison-like situations† (371). The narrator’s compliance with her husband’s demands illustrates how she is similar to a prisoner. Zimbardo says, â€Å"The prisoners were forced to obtain permission from the guard for routine and simple activities such as writing letters, smoking a cigarette or even going to the toilet; this elicited from them a childlike dependency† (366). Like these prisoners, Gilman’s narrator feels controlled by her husband and is frustrated by her dependency. She says, â€Å"I get unreasonably angry with John sometimes. I’m sure I never used to be so sensitive†¦But John says if I feel so [angry], I shall neglect proper self-control; so I take pains to control myself—before him, at least† (Gilman

A Mission or Personal Vision Statement (VV1) Essay

We begin this seminar with the development of a personal mission or vision statement. We use this statement in this seminar to emphasize that your time at the UW begins with dreams and visions you hold for the life that is still ahead of you. We ask you to write a mission statement that is reflective of who you are and what your sense of calling, purpose, vocation, or meaning of life. Mission statements are helpful for many reasons, but primarily they are used as a tool to encourage you to consciously reflect on who you are and what you are doing at the UW. As you progress through your educational experience here, you will find that you will take many side roads, you will wander off the path, hurry ahead of yourself, and even become unsure and hidden in the brambles. We have found that a personal mission statement is helpful when the way becomes cloudy; to return to a written statement of your essence and purpose in life can often help you forge your chosen path. Definitions[1]: †¢ â€Å"Values: ‘Concepts, principles, or standards that drive one’s decisions and actions. ’ Examples of values are honesty, persistence, dependability, self-sufficiency, and faith. † †¢ A vision statement: ‘A statement of three or four sentences describing a desired future – not a predicted future. ’ Here is an example of a vision statement (stated as if the vision has already been achieved, so that it is positive and powerful): ‘I am a person who is peaceful and an example to others of that peace, which comes from faith in God. I am considered to be an inspirational teacher of great integrity. I lead a simple life style that includes plenty of time for myself, my family, and my friends as well as service to others. ’ †¢ A mission statement: ‘A succinct, easy-to-remember statement that provides direction for one’s life. ’ Here is an example of a very short mission statement developed from the sample vision statement quoted above: ‘I am committed to living in accordance with my faith in God, maintaining a happy marriage, and being a loving and supportive parent. In my professional life, I seek to empower high school students by providing quality teaching while adhering to my religious principles. I want to live a simple life style. ’ Note that a mission statement may be lengthier if desired, but brevity is important. During this process it is critical to ensure consistency between values, the vision statement, and the mission statement. If these three components are not consistent, it is not possible to devise a workable plan. † To get you thinking about the development of your mission statement, please spend some time thinking about the following questions: Why are you here today? What are the life values that you hold most near to your heart? What is it you are most passionate about? What hopes do you have for your UW experience? What hopes do you have for your life beyond the UW? The answers you develop through these activities and exercises will be the basis of your personal mission and vision statement. Most are 1 page or less in length. We also see this mission statement as highly fluid. As you continue your education, we hope that some of your initial ideas and longings remain the same and we also hope that you will be changed. To this end, the personal mission statement is a malleable document that begins today, will be submitted formally at the end of the seminar, and will continue to represent you and your becoming while at the UW. The following worksheets are a guide to help you answer some of those significant questions in an organized format. Creating or Revising Your Personal Vision[2] by Dr. Linda Phillips-Jones It’s good to create or revise the â€Å"personal vision† you have for your life. A compelling vision can help you succeed, be more satisfied with your life, and get the most out of your all relationships and experiences. Following is a tool for doing that. Importance of Having a Personal Vision Numerous experts on leadership and personal development emphasize how vital it is for you to craft your own personal vision for your life. Warren Bennis, Stephen Covey, Peter Senge, and others point out that a powerful vision can help you succeed far beyond where you’d be without one. That vision can propel you and inspire those around you to reach their own dreams. I’ve learned in my own life and in working as a psychologist that if you don’t identify your vision, others will plan and direct your life for you. I’ve worked with too many individuals who late in their lives said, â€Å"If only. . . .† You don’t have to be one of them. Senge defines vision as what you want to create of yourself and the world around you. What does your vision include? Making a vital change in an area such as health, technology, or the environment? Raising happy, well-adjusted children? Writing a book? Owning your own business? Living on a beach? Being very fit and healthy? Visiting every continent? Helping others with their spiritual development? What are you good at? What do you love to do? What aren’t you good at now, but you’d like to be? All of these important questions are part of identifying your personal vision. |Things I Really Enjoy Doing |What Brings Me Happiness/Joy |The Two Best Moments of My Past |Three Things I’d Do If I Won | | | |Week |the Lottery | | | | | | | | | | | | | |. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Issues or Causes I Care Deeply |My Most Important Values |Things I Can Do at the |What I’d Like to Stop Doing or | |About |(Circle) |Good-to-Excellent Level |Do as Little as Possible | | |Having integrity | | | | | | | | | |Serving/pleasing a higher being| | | | |or calling | | | | | | | | | |Being fit and healthy | | | | | | | | | |Having a nice home | | | | |and belongings | | | | | | | | | |Leaving the world a better || | | |place | | | | | | | | | |Having fun | | | | | | | | | |Learning and improving myself | | | | | | | | | |Making others’ lives easier or | | | | |more pleasant | | | | | | | | | |Enjoying my family | | | | |Others? (Add) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ———————– [1] The 1995 Annual – Volume 1 Training, Pfeiffer & Company, Sand Diego, CA, p. 63. [2] Printed by permissions from: http://www. mentoringgroup. com/html/articles/mentee_1. html CCC/THE MENTORING GROUP, www. mentoringgroup. com, 13560 Mesa Drive, Grass Valley, CA 95949, USA, Phone: 530. 268. 1146 Fax: 530. 268. 3636 e-mail: info@mentoringgroup. com.

Religion and Ethnic Diversity Paper Essay

According to Grace confabulation International, battalion of the menacing perform servicees believed oft cave in pull off the European Americans. They sh bed the belief that divinity fudges past dealings give light of future life. The cruddy churches range to see America as the world of captivity rather than the promise land. The black churches sh bed akin(predicate) beliefs to other groups besides they did not always see instead the same, black churches incline to hold church into the late afternoon and tangle they should castigate to help e in truth(prenominal) last(predicate) members of the church with all aspects of life, other groups did not hold church for galore(postnominal) hours. The historically black churches took it upon themselves to like for blacks, not just spiritually further physically as well because they felt they were discriminated against. The churches made it their job to try to retrieve for for the lot who had no one else to care fo r them. Many churches offered services to blacks and whites, fifty-fifty though they did this the blacks were still segregated from the whites. It was standard trust for things of this nature to be done forwards there were churches built specifically for them, roughly didnt even allow their presence.The black churches received a lot of secretion, hatred, and bias from the white community. Often times they were not treated equal to white sight as they should present been. I feel that reading a little sting about the black churches has given me a lot more history on it but it has not really helped me to infer the religion more than I already did. I have visited a black church and while they do not believe very different they draw out their religion very differently. Black of the African adequate are otherwise know as African Americans differ from many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) a(prenominal) other groups based on their hair, unclothe tones, physical appearance, and the way they talk. Black people even have beliefs about how children should be raised and cared for. They may have similar qualities of other groups but there are many more differences. African Americans have had many, many experiences with other groups and how they differ from them and what qualities they display. Blacks are lots discriminated against by many groups for the choices they depict and the beliefs they practice.Blacks as a group tend to keep to their own and mind their business. Blacks primarily over from Africa bring many things to the American culture such as food, attire styles, music and much more. The African decent in foods has altered spices and more, and clothing varies by pattern and style of clothing but both have made a rather large impact. For many eld in historyblacks were made to be slaves and were bought, sold and bartered for in America and even other countries. They were enslaved for a very yen time until the north and south at last went to war over the matter and they gained their American right to freedom. Blacks were excessively segregated from whites for many years. Blacks were very heavily discriminated against by many groups but especially whites. Whites made enslaving blacks very important in their lives, while whites were the important source of slave drivers, there were also very wealthy black people who chose to have black slaves.Blacks received inequality from many directions. I feel that I already had a very just amount of information on blacks and the discrimination and preconceived idea they have received in the past and continue to receive. Blacks are often not given enough reference work for all that they have to put up with, but society in my whimsey has lightened up tremendously. Prejudice and discrimination in historically black churches and blacks are very similar, they were made to remain segregated for many years, and they were also discriminated against by many especially the whites, both grou ps revolve around blacks which make the prejudice and discrimination very similar. The prejudice and discrimination that blacks and the historically black church differ in the fact that the churches were not enslaved. at that place are not that many differences due to the fact that the churches are for the blacks.There are far more similarities than differences in the groups. From my personal knowledge of these two groups I can conclude that blacks are in the main discriminated against by whites, especially further cover song in history. Other groups discriminate against blacks and the historically black church but whites much more commonly discriminate against them and are prejudice. The more time that passes the better the flock become between groups.